学林漫记

    选择适当的关系代词是做好定语从句题的关键，但这一点往往是很多学习者难以把握的。本文就复习过程中的难点以及关系代词的一些特殊用法加以举例分析：

l       Which和that 的区别

1.     只用which, 不用that 的情况.

1)    which可用在非限制性定语从句中。例如：

这项工程历时三年，耗资十亿元。

The project, which lasted three years, cost one billion dollars.

2)    Which可作前置介词的宾语。例如：

这是他们三年前住过的房子。

This is the house in which they lived three years ago.

2只用that，不用which的情况。

1） that相当于关系副词when/where/why。例如：

我将永远不会忘记你初到的那个星期一。

I’ll never forget the Monday that/when you first arrived.

你知道我能在哪里买到水果吗？

Do you know anywhere that I can get fruit?

我喜欢那地方的原因，恰恰是你不喜欢它的原因。

I like the place for the very reason that/why you dislike it.

他看问题的方式跟我们不一样。

He doesn’t see things the way that/in which we see them.

2） that既可以指人，也可以指物。例如：

从事那项工作的人们做了很大的努力。

The people that worked on the project made a good effort.

3） 当主句以here, there开头时，常用that。例如：

这就是你一直找的地方。

Here is the place that you’ve been looking for.

4） 当先行词是序数词，形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时，常用that。例如：

应该做的第一件事是弄到那本书。

The first thing that should be done is to get the book.

这是我曾参观过的最好的地方。

This is the best place that I’ve ever visited.

5） 当先行词是all, anything, nothing, (something除外)，none, little, much时，常用that。例如：

这就是剩下的所有东西吗？

Is this all that is left?

你有没有拿过属于我的东西。

Have you got anything that belongs to me?

6） 当先行词被no, little, very, only, the last, the very等修饰时，常用that。例如：

唯一能作的事情就是要找到回家的路。

The only thing that could be done is to find our way home.

7） 当先行词是两个或两个以上的词分别表示人和物时用that。例如：

他们谈到了他们熟悉的老师和学校。

They talked about the teachers and the schools that they knew.

8） 在以which, who开头的句子常用that。例如：

撞死那个男子的车是哪一辆？

Which is the car that killed the man?

●   which和as的区别：

1．   As/which都可以在非限制性定语从句做主语或宾语，指代整个主句或主句的一部分。例如：

这次会议延期了，这正是我们所希望的。

The meeting was put off, which/as was exactly what we wanted.

2．   As/which都可以在非限制性从句中作表语指代主句中的表语。例如：

她对朋友很有耐心，她妹妹则很少有耐心。

She was very patient to friends, as/which her sister seldom was.

3．   as在非限制性定语从句中做主语时，其后的动词必须是be或其他联系动词，而which不受此限制。例如：

我昨天看了这部电视剧，这使我很高兴。

I watched the TV play yesterday, which pleased me.

那位总统死了，这好像是真的。

The president died, as/which seemed true.

4．   由as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于句首、句中、句尾，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只可位于句尾。例如：

众所周知，并不是所有发光的东西都是金子。

As everyone knows, all that glitters is not gold.

All that glitters, as everyone knows, is not gold.

All that glitters is not gold, as everyone knows.

5．   当非限制性定语从句中的谓语动词为be announced/expected/known/imagined/pointed out/said/reported/shown等被动形式，或usually happen，be often the case等表示主句的习惯性或司空见惯之意时，常用as，而不宜用which。例如：

中国人勤劳善良，这是众所周知的。

The Chinese are working-hard, as is known to all.

凯特上学迟到了，这是常发生的事。

Kate was late for school, as often happened.

6．   which在非限制性定语从句中可以作定语，而as则不能。例如：

我父亲叫他立即派人请大夫，她采纳了这个建议。

My father asked her to send for a doctor right away, which advice she took.

7．   which在非限制性定语从句中可以作介词的宾语，而as则不能。例如：

我叫错了他的名字，为此我向他道歉。

I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized.

8．   which可在限制性定语从句中或非限制性定语从句中修饰单个名词，而as不能。

The problem, which was discussed just now, put us in a difficult situation.

The house, which I bought last year, was expensive.

l         which和whose作定语的区别：

          which和whose都可以在定语从句中定语，但是一般只用在非限制性定语从句中，仅指物，并且要接一个对先行词起概括作用的泛指名词；“whose＋ 名词”与先行词不表示同一事物或情况。例如：

He is studying Chinese, which knowledge is very important now.

Peter spent three years in France, during which time he learnt French.

The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.

It was an island whose name I have forgotten.

注：定语从句中whose + 名词＝the ＋ 名词 ＋ of ＋ whom/which。例如：

坐在那边的那个男孩的哥哥是个教师。

The boy, whose brother is a teacher, is sitting over there=The boy, the brother of whom is a teacher, is sitting over there.

我们住在那间房里，房间的窗户破了。

We live in the room, whose window is broken.=We live in the room, the window of which is broken.

（以下内容由时间安排决定）

l         两个特殊关系代词的用法：

1.      but 既可指人，又可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语。But 本身含“否定”的意思，其作用相当于“that/which/who---not”。它前面的主语必须有否定词或表示否定意义的词（如no, not, little, few, hardly等）。But 引导的肯定意思的定语从句和否定意思的主语连用，通过双重否定达到强烈肯定的效果。例如：

没有不爱自己子女的母亲。

There is no mother but loves her own children.= There is no mother that/who doesn’t love her children.

2．as 既可指人，又可指物，常在限制性定语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。 as 引导的定语从句的先行词前常有as/such/the same等修饰词。例如：

 He is as brave a man as ever lived.

他是世界上最勇敢的人。

He lent me as much money as he had.

他把所有的钱借给了我。

Don’t read such books as are not worth reading. Read such books as you can understand.

不要读那些不值得读的书，只去读那些你能读懂的书就可以了。

This is the same book as I lost.这本书很像我丢失的那本。